Rare Chalice Clue to ‘Unusual’ Medieval Burial

Archaeological discoveries often provide glimpses into the lives of individuals from centuries past. Among these, the excavation of five medieval burials, three of which included ceremonial pewter chalices and patens, has shed light on a fascinating chapter of history. These objects, typically used for communion, offer a strong clue to the profession and significance of the individuals interred. Most notably, the best-preserved burial, encased in a stone-lined cist, stands out as an unusual find that challenges common burial practices of the time.

The Discovery of the Stone-Lined Cist

During the excavation, archaeologists uncovered a cist—a grave lined with stone slabs. While stone-lined burials are generally associated with earlier periods, this particular burial is unique for being incomplete, resembling a makeshift coffin. This peculiarity prompted further investigation, as it deviated from the full stone coffins typically seen in the medieval era. The cist contained a human skeleton in relatively good condition, despite the passage of centuries.

The burial process for this individual, like the others, seemed meticulous. The arrangement of the bones and the artifacts—a pewter chalice and paten—suggested great care and respect. The skull, notably, was partially positioned over the chalice, indicating its importance in the burial ritual.

Signs of Degenerative Disease

Initial observations of the skeleton hinted at the person’s health condition. Several vertebrae appeared fused together, a clear sign of degenerative disease. This fusion transformed what should have been three or four separate bones into a solid mass. Such a condition could have significantly affected the individual’s mobility and overall quality of life. While degenerative diseases were not uncommon during medieval times, their presence in this context adds another layer to understanding the person’s lived experience.

The Chalices: A Vital Clue

The discovery of the pewter chalices and patens marked a significant turning point in the investigation. These ceremonial items are strongly associated with the Christian tradition of communion, typically reserved for priests or other religious figures. The presence of these objects in three of the burials strongly suggests that the individuals were clergy members. One chalice, discovered in excellent condition beside the best-preserved skeleton, underscores the importance of this burial and hints at the individual’s role within the Church.

The careful excavation of the chalices, encased in blocks of soil to preserve them, revealed their historical significance. Pewter was a common material for ecclesiastical artifacts in the 13th century, providing a key chronological marker for the burials. The positioning of the chalice, lying partially beneath the skull, further emphasizes its ceremonial and symbolic importance in the burial.

Context and Challenges

Determining the exact date of these burials presented challenges. During the Victorian era, restoration work on the cathedral grounds resulted in the ground level being lowered by about three feet. This alteration made it difficult to pinpoint the original stratigraphy and, consequently, the precise period of the burials. However, the presence of stone cists, the design of the chalices, and pottery fragments recovered from the site collectively pointed to the 13th century.

Stone cists, though used throughout the medieval period, were less common in later centuries. Their use here, combined with the chalices and other artifacts, strongly supports the hypothesis that these burials date back to the high Middle Ages. The 13th century was a time of significant religious activity, and the presence of priests’ burials near a cathedral aligns with known practices of the era.

Understanding the Role of the Priest

The inclusion of chalices and patens in these burials provides a rare opportunity to understand the lives of medieval priests. In Christian tradition, the chalice symbolizes the blood of Christ, and the paten represents the body. These objects are integral to the Eucharist, a central ritual in the Church. By burying these items with the deceased, the community acknowledged their role in facilitating this sacred rite.

Priests held a unique position in medieval society, serving both spiritual and administrative functions. They were often well-educated and played a crucial role in their communities. The inclusion of these artifacts in the burials reflects the respect and reverence accorded to these individuals.

Broader Implications of the Find

This discovery offers valuable insights into medieval burial practices and the societal role of the clergy. The unusual use of stone cists, combined with the presence of chalices, highlights the blending of earlier traditions with contemporary religious customs. It also underscores the significance of these individuals within their community.

The condition of the skeletons, particularly the signs of degenerative disease, provides a glimpse into the health challenges faced by medieval clergy. While priests often enjoyed better living conditions than peasants, they were not immune to the physical toll of aging and disease. This find humanizes these historical figures, bridging the gap between the past and present.

Conclusion

The excavation of these medieval burials, particularly the discovery of pewter chalices and patens, has opened a window into the lives of clergy members from the 13th century. The unique combination of artifacts and burial practices challenges conventional understandings and highlights the enduring influence of Christian traditions. As archaeologists continue to study these remains, the story of these priests and their role within the cathedral and community will undoubtedly unfold further, enriching our understanding of medieval society.