The Hidden Financial Benefit for British Monarchs from War Deaths
The British monarchy, as with many longstanding institutions, has a complicated and often overlooked history regarding its wealth and income sources. While the royal family is traditionally associated with grandeur, heritage, and state duties, one aspect of its financial affairs is particularly distasteful: the accumulation of wealth from the deaths of British soldiers and civilians during wartime. A story revealed by The Guardian in 2012 shocked many, shedding light on how British monarchs have historically profited from the property of deceased individuals who died intestate (without a will), particularly during the World Wars.
The Monarch’s Historical Financial Arrangements
The roots of the monarchy’s wealth lie in its ownership of land. In England and Wales, the monarch historically owned all the land within the country. This was the case for centuries, from the medieval period through to the early modern era. While this gave the monarch significant power and control over the nation’s resources, it also came with considerable financial responsibility. The monarch had to fund the military, civil services, and other state expenses. By the 18th century, the financial burden of the monarchy had grown overwhelming.
In 1760, King George III, faced with the financial strain, made a deal with Parliament: he surrendered the income from the Crown lands in exchange for a fixed annual payment known as the Civil List. This payment was intended to cover his personal expenses. However, the monarchy did not completely lose its land-based revenue. The King and the Prince of Wales were granted private revenue streams through the Duchy of Lancaster and the Duchy of Cornwall—vast estates that produced income through rents, agriculture, mining, and other activities. These land holdings would continue to provide substantial financial support for the royal family for centuries to come.
The Modern Duchies and Their Financial Impact
Today, these two Duchies remain a crucial part of the royal family’s finances. The Duchy of Lancaster, for example, provides significant private revenue for the reigning monarch. In 2023, King Charles III received approximately £27.4 million from the Duchy of Lancaster, while his son, Prince William, received £23.6 million from the Duchy of Cornwall. In addition to this income, King Charles also receives funding from the Sovereign Grant, which totaled £86.3 million in the same year.
Interestingly, these Duchies are exempt from many taxes, making them an especially lucrative source of wealth for the royal family. Through astute investments, property deals, and land management, the income from these estates provides the monarch with significant financial resources. For instance, it was recently revealed that King Charles charges the National Health Service (NHS) £829,000 annually to park its ambulances on land he owns. Similarly, the Ministry of Defense pays millions of pounds for the use of lands owned by the Duchy of Cornwall for military training purposes. These revenues provide private financial streams for the royal family, separate from government funds.
Bona Vacantia: A Profitable Practice
While the Duchies are the most prominent source of the monarchy’s private income, there is a darker side to their financial dealings: the practice of Bona Vacantia, a term meaning “empty goods” in Latin. Under this rule, if someone dies intestate (without a will) and without known heirs, their property becomes the property of the Crown. This custom, which dates back centuries, was formalized in law in 1925. While the property of deceased citizens who die intestate typically goes to the state and becomes part of government revenue, the monarch retains the rights to such property within the Duchy of Lancaster.
During both World War I and World War II, a significant number of British soldiers, sailors, and civilians died without leaving wills. These individuals, particularly those from areas covered by the Duchy of Lancaster, unwittingly enriched the monarchy. As soldiers perished on the frontlines or civilians lost their lives in bombings, their estates, if unclaimed, passed into the hands of the King under Bona Vacantia. This practice, which the royal family has never publicly denied, resulted in a surge in the amount of property and wealth acquired by the monarchy during wartime.
The Scale of the Profits
The full extent of the financial gain derived from Bona Vacantia during wartime remains unclear, as records from that era are not fully available. However, it is widely believed that both King George V (during World War I) and King George VI (during World War II) saw a substantial increase in the wealth accumulated through this practice. The Guardian reported that between 2013 and 2023, the Duchy of Lancaster collected millions of pounds in Bona Vacantia revenues during peacetime conditions, highlighting that this practice continues to benefit the monarchy to this day.
Controversy and Public Perception
The knowledge that the monarchy has historically profited from the deaths of soldiers and civilians is a bitter pill for many to swallow. While the royal family has long been an object of public fascination, the fact that monarchs have benefitted financially from wartime deaths strikes many as distasteful. In the 1980s, Queen Elizabeth II directed that the revenues from Bona Vacantia be used for charitable purposes. However, in 2020, a leaked document revealed that the Duchy of Lancaster had returned to using Bona Vacantia funds for profit-generating ventures, including holiday lettings, rural cottages, and agricultural buildings. This raised further questions about the transparency of the monarchy’s financial dealings.
In a time when many British citizens are struggling with rising taxes and the financial strain of national expenditures, the revelation that the monarchy continues to profit in this way has been met with criticism. This is especially true when it comes to the use of Bona Vacantia in areas affected by war and conflict.
A Legacy of Financial Entitlement
While the monarchy has served as a symbol of national unity and continuity for centuries, its financial entanglements with war and death cast a shadow over its more genteel image. The wealth accumulated by monarchs from the Duchies and Bona Vacantia is a legacy of entitlement that continues to enrich the royal family, sometimes at the expense of the very citizens they represent.
As the British government faces increasing financial pressure, it remains to be seen whether public opinion will continue to tolerate such practices. The royal family’s wealth has often been a source of national pride, but it is clear that the financial dealings surrounding wartime deaths raise ethical questions about the fairness of the monarchy’s financial privileges.
Conclusion
The monarchy’s wealth, in part derived from the deaths of British soldiers and civilians during wartime, presents a complex and troubling chapter in the history of the British royal family. While the Duchy of Lancaster remains a significant source of income for King Charles and his heirs, the practice of Bona Vacantia, especially during wartime, casts a long shadow over the royal family’s finances. Despite reforms and public attempts to direct some of this wealth toward charitable causes, the monarchy’s financial dealings continue to raise questions about entitlement, fairness, and the ethical implications of profiting from the deaths of citizens.
